Wednesday, January 25, 2012
Guerrero
Guerrero was a Spanish slave ship which wrecked in 1827 on a reef near the Florida Keys with 561 Africans aboard. Forty-one of the Africans drowned in the wreck. Guerrero had been engaged in a battle with a British anti-slavery patrol ship, HMS Nimble, stationed on the northern approaches to Cuba. Nimble also ran onto the reef, but was refloated and returned to service. The two ships were attended by wreckers, who rescued the Spanish crew and surviving Africans from their ship and helped refloat Nimble. Spanish crew members hijacked two of the wrecking vessels and took almost 400 Africans to Cuba, where they were sold as slaves. Most of the remaining Africans were eventually returned to Africa.
Thursday, January 19, 2012
Slavery - definition
Slavery is a where people are treated as property to buy and sell, and are forced to work.
Slaves can be held against their will since their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand compensation. Historically, slavery was recognized by many sociaties; recently times slavery has been outlawed in most sociaties but continues through the practices of debt bondage, indentured servitude, serfdom, domestic servants kept in captivity, certain adoptions in which children are forced to work as slaves, child soldiers, and forced marriage.
Slavery predates written records and has existed in many cultures. The number of slaves today is higher than at any point in history, remaining as high as 12 million to 27 million, though this is probably the smallest proportion of the world's population in history. Most are debt slaves, mainly in South Asia, who are under debt bondage incurred by lenders, sometimes even for generations. Human trafficking is primarily used for purpose of forcing women and children into sex industries.
From about the nineteenth century, "slavery" has been very closely associated with enslavement of non-white, usually black, people by white people. There was no such association; enslavement of any group of people, typically prisoners in a war, and capturing individuals to become slaves was commonplace.
In pre-industrial societies, slaves and their work were economically extremely important. In modern mechanised societies, there is much less need for sheer massive manpower; Norbert Wiener wrote that "mechanical labor has most of the economic properties of slave labor, though ... it does not involve the direct demoralizing effects of human cruelty.
Slaves can be held against their will since their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand compensation. Historically, slavery was recognized by many sociaties; recently times slavery has been outlawed in most sociaties but continues through the practices of debt bondage, indentured servitude, serfdom, domestic servants kept in captivity, certain adoptions in which children are forced to work as slaves, child soldiers, and forced marriage.
Slavery predates written records and has existed in many cultures. The number of slaves today is higher than at any point in history, remaining as high as 12 million to 27 million, though this is probably the smallest proportion of the world's population in history. Most are debt slaves, mainly in South Asia, who are under debt bondage incurred by lenders, sometimes even for generations. Human trafficking is primarily used for purpose of forcing women and children into sex industries.
From about the nineteenth century, "slavery" has been very closely associated with enslavement of non-white, usually black, people by white people. There was no such association; enslavement of any group of people, typically prisoners in a war, and capturing individuals to become slaves was commonplace.
In pre-industrial societies, slaves and their work were economically extremely important. In modern mechanised societies, there is much less need for sheer massive manpower; Norbert Wiener wrote that "mechanical labor has most of the economic properties of slave labor, though ... it does not involve the direct demoralizing effects of human cruelty.
Monday, January 16, 2012
Aurore
The Aurore (also with the Duc du Maine) was a slave cargo ship which brought the first African slaves to Louisiana back on June 6, 1719 from Senegambia.
Sunday, June 5, 2011
Slave Synonyms
Main Entry: slave
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: person who serves, often under duress
Synonyms: bondservant, captive, chattel, drudge, help, laborer, menial, peon, retainer, serf, servant, skivvy, subservient, thrall, toiler, vassal, victim, worker, workhorse
Antonyms: master
Main Entry: slave
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: work very hard
Synonyms: be servile, drudge, grind, grovel, grub, muck, plod, skivvy, slog, toil, work fingers to bone
Antonyms: be lazy
Main Entry: captive
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: person held physically
Synonyms: bondman, bondservant, bondwoman, con, convict, detainee, hostage, internee, prisoner, prisoner of war, slave
Antonyms: free man, independent
Main Entry: drudge
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: work very hard
Synonyms: back to the salt mines, dig, grind*, hammer*, keep nose to grindstone, labor, muck, perform, plod, plow, plug away, pound*, schlepp, slave , slog, sweat, toil, travail
Antonyms: avoid, be lazy, dodge, hesitate, idle
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: person who serves, often under duress
Synonyms: bondservant, captive, chattel, drudge, help, laborer, menial, peon, retainer, serf, servant, skivvy, subservient, thrall, toiler, vassal, victim, worker, workhorse
Antonyms: master
Main Entry: slave
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: work very hard
Synonyms: be servile, drudge, grind, grovel, grub, muck, plod, skivvy, slog, toil, work fingers to bone
Antonyms: be lazy
Main Entry: captive
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: person held physically
Synonyms: bondman, bondservant, bondwoman, con, convict, detainee, hostage, internee, prisoner, prisoner of war, slave
Antonyms: free man, independent
Main Entry: drudge
Part of Speech: verb
Definition: work very hard
Synonyms: back to the salt mines, dig, grind*, hammer*, keep nose to grindstone, labor, muck, perform, plod, plow, plug away, pound*, schlepp, slave , slog, sweat, toil, travail
Antonyms: avoid, be lazy, dodge, hesitate, idle
Sunday, May 15, 2011
Slave Codes
Slave codes were regulations which each US talk about, or colony, enacted which defined the status connected with slaves and the legal rights of masters. Such codes gave slave-owners absolute power over their human being property.
Definition of "slaves"
Virginia, 1650
“Act XI. Most persons except Negroes can be provided with arms along with ammunitions or be penalized at the pleasure from the governor and council.”
Virginia, 1662
“Whereas some questions have arisen whether young children got by any Englishmen upon a Negro shall be slave or Free, Be it therefore enacted and declared with that present Grand assembly, that every children born in this particular country shall be kept bond or free just according to the ailment of the mother."
Maryland, 1664
“That whatsoever free-born [English] woman can intermarry with any servant [...] shall serve the get better at of such slave through the life of her husband; and that all the challenge of such free-blessed women, so married shall be slaves as their daddies were.”
Virginia, 1667
“Behave III. Whereas some issues have arisen whether young children that are slaves simply by birth [...] should by virtuousness of their baptism be manufactured free, it is put into law that baptism does not necessarily alter the condition towards the person as to his bondage or freedom; masters freed from this uncertainty may more carefully spread Christianity by permitting slaves to be admitted to that sacrament.”
Virginia, 1682
“Act I. It can be enacted that all servants [...] which shall end up being imported into this region either by sea or perhaps by land, whether Negroes, Moors [Muslim Northern Africans], mulattoes or Indians who and who is parentage and native international locations are not Christian before their first purchase by some Christian [...] and most Indians, which shall always be sold by our neighboring Indians, or any additional trafficking with us with regard to slaves, are hereby adjudged, deemed and taken up be slaves to many intents and purposes virtually any law, usage, or custom to the contrary notwithstanding.”
Virginia, 1705
"Just about all servants imported and added into the Country...have been not Christians in the native Country...shall end up being accounted and be slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this district...shall be held to get real estate."
South Carolina, 1712
"Whether it's therefore enacted, by his Excellency, William, Lord Poltroon, Palatine.... and the rest of the members of the Legislative assembly, now met at Charles Town, for the South-west part of the Province, and by your authority of the similar, That all negroes, mulatoes, mestizoes or Indians, which at any moment heretofore have been offered, or now are used or taken to possibly be, or hereafter shall come and sold for slaves, are hereby reported slaves; and they, as well as their children, are hereby made and declared slaves...."
Violence and also other injustices against slaves
Virginia, 1705 – "If any servant resists his master...fixing such a slave, and shall happen to always be killed in such modification...the master shall always be free of all abuse...as if such crash never happened."
South Carolina, 1712 - "Consequently enacted by the authority aforesaid, That no master, mistress, overseer, or body else whatsoever, that hath the care and charge of any negro or slave, should certainly give their negroes and other slaves leave...to walk out their plantations.... Every hard worker hereafter out of his master's plantation, without the ticket, or leave written, from his master...shall be whipped...."
Louisiana, 1724 - "The particular slave who, having hit his master, his schoolma'am, or the husband regarding his mistress, or their kids, shall have produced the bruise, or the shedding of blood in the eye, shall suffer capital abuse."
Reading by slaves illegal
Some Thrall Codes made teaching, Mulatto, Indian and indentured slaves illegal.
The state of alabama, 1833, section 31 - "Any person or persons who make an effort to teach any free person of colour, or slave, to mean, read, or write, should, upon conviction thereof through indictment, be fined in a sum not less compared to two hundred and fifty dollars, nor more than 5 hundred dollars."
Alabama, 1833, segment 32 - "Any free person of color who shall write for virtually every slave a pass or even free paper, on confidence thereof, shall receive for every single such offense, thirty-nine lashes on this bare back, and abandon the state of The state of alabama within thirty days afterwards..."
Alabama, 1833, section 33 - "Any slave who will write for any various other slave, any pass or maybe free-paper, upon sentence, shall receive, on her or his back, fifty lashes to the first offence, and a hundred lashes for every criminal offense thereafter..."
The District of Columbia Slave Requirements
Slaves were a typical sight in the country's capital. Harsh regulation these urban slaves, most of whom were servants for the federal government elite, was in influence until the 1850s. When compared with some southern codes, the actual District of Columbia ended up being relatively moderate. Slaves were allowed to hire their particular services, live apart from other masters, and free black levels were even allowed to reside the city and work schools. The code may be used by attorneys and also clerks who referred to it when drafting contracts or even briefs. By 1860, there are over 11,000 free blacks and over three or more,000 slaves in The usa. Following the Compromise associated with 1850, the sale involving slaves was outlawed within just Washington D.C. Bondage in the District regarding Columbia ended in 1862 and nearly a few,000 slaves were presented a compensation. The formal printed slave code has been issued only a 30 days before slavery ended presently there.
Definition of "slaves"
Virginia, 1650
“Act XI. Most persons except Negroes can be provided with arms along with ammunitions or be penalized at the pleasure from the governor and council.”
Virginia, 1662
“Whereas some questions have arisen whether young children got by any Englishmen upon a Negro shall be slave or Free, Be it therefore enacted and declared with that present Grand assembly, that every children born in this particular country shall be kept bond or free just according to the ailment of the mother."
Maryland, 1664
“That whatsoever free-born [English] woman can intermarry with any servant [...] shall serve the get better at of such slave through the life of her husband; and that all the challenge of such free-blessed women, so married shall be slaves as their daddies were.”
Virginia, 1667
“Behave III. Whereas some issues have arisen whether young children that are slaves simply by birth [...] should by virtuousness of their baptism be manufactured free, it is put into law that baptism does not necessarily alter the condition towards the person as to his bondage or freedom; masters freed from this uncertainty may more carefully spread Christianity by permitting slaves to be admitted to that sacrament.”
Virginia, 1682
“Act I. It can be enacted that all servants [...] which shall end up being imported into this region either by sea or perhaps by land, whether Negroes, Moors [Muslim Northern Africans], mulattoes or Indians who and who is parentage and native international locations are not Christian before their first purchase by some Christian [...] and most Indians, which shall always be sold by our neighboring Indians, or any additional trafficking with us with regard to slaves, are hereby adjudged, deemed and taken up be slaves to many intents and purposes virtually any law, usage, or custom to the contrary notwithstanding.”
Virginia, 1705
"Just about all servants imported and added into the Country...have been not Christians in the native Country...shall end up being accounted and be slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this district...shall be held to get real estate."
South Carolina, 1712
"Whether it's therefore enacted, by his Excellency, William, Lord Poltroon, Palatine.... and the rest of the members of the Legislative assembly, now met at Charles Town, for the South-west part of the Province, and by your authority of the similar, That all negroes, mulatoes, mestizoes or Indians, which at any moment heretofore have been offered, or now are used or taken to possibly be, or hereafter shall come and sold for slaves, are hereby reported slaves; and they, as well as their children, are hereby made and declared slaves...."
Violence and also other injustices against slaves
Virginia, 1705 – "If any servant resists his master...fixing such a slave, and shall happen to always be killed in such modification...the master shall always be free of all abuse...as if such crash never happened."
South Carolina, 1712 - "Consequently enacted by the authority aforesaid, That no master, mistress, overseer, or body else whatsoever, that hath the care and charge of any negro or slave, should certainly give their negroes and other slaves leave...to walk out their plantations.... Every hard worker hereafter out of his master's plantation, without the ticket, or leave written, from his master...shall be whipped...."
Louisiana, 1724 - "The particular slave who, having hit his master, his schoolma'am, or the husband regarding his mistress, or their kids, shall have produced the bruise, or the shedding of blood in the eye, shall suffer capital abuse."
Reading by slaves illegal
Some Thrall Codes made teaching, Mulatto, Indian and indentured slaves illegal.
The state of alabama, 1833, section 31 - "Any person or persons who make an effort to teach any free person of colour, or slave, to mean, read, or write, should, upon conviction thereof through indictment, be fined in a sum not less compared to two hundred and fifty dollars, nor more than 5 hundred dollars."
Alabama, 1833, segment 32 - "Any free person of color who shall write for virtually every slave a pass or even free paper, on confidence thereof, shall receive for every single such offense, thirty-nine lashes on this bare back, and abandon the state of The state of alabama within thirty days afterwards..."
Alabama, 1833, section 33 - "Any slave who will write for any various other slave, any pass or maybe free-paper, upon sentence, shall receive, on her or his back, fifty lashes to the first offence, and a hundred lashes for every criminal offense thereafter..."
The District of Columbia Slave Requirements
Slaves were a typical sight in the country's capital. Harsh regulation these urban slaves, most of whom were servants for the federal government elite, was in influence until the 1850s. When compared with some southern codes, the actual District of Columbia ended up being relatively moderate. Slaves were allowed to hire their particular services, live apart from other masters, and free black levels were even allowed to reside the city and work schools. The code may be used by attorneys and also clerks who referred to it when drafting contracts or even briefs. By 1860, there are over 11,000 free blacks and over three or more,000 slaves in The usa. Following the Compromise associated with 1850, the sale involving slaves was outlawed within just Washington D.C. Bondage in the District regarding Columbia ended in 1862 and nearly a few,000 slaves were presented a compensation. The formal printed slave code has been issued only a 30 days before slavery ended presently there.
Wednesday, May 11, 2011
Slavery
Slavery is a system under which people are treated as property and so are forced to work. Slaves can be held against their will certainly from the time of these capture, purchase or beginning, and deprived of the ability to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand compensation. Slavery predates written data, has existed in several cultures and in a few historical situations it continues to be legal for owners in order to kill slaves.
The actual number of slaves currently remains as high while 12 million to be able to 27 million, though this is probably the smallest proportion with the world's population in heritage. Most are financial debt slaves, largely in Southern Asia, who are beneath debt bondage incurred by simply lenders, sometimes even intended for generations. Human trafficking is primarily with regard to prostituting women and children into sex industries.
Heritage
Slave market in beginning medieval Eastern Europe. Painting by Sergei Ivanov.
Proof slavery predates written data, and has existed in several cultures. Prehistoric graves from about 8000 B . c . in Lower Egypt suggest that a Libyan people enslaved a San-like tribe.
Slavery is rare among hunter–gatherer populations, as slavery is a system of social stratification. Size slavery also requires economic surpluses and a excessive population density to end up being viable. Due to these types of factors, the practice associated with slavery would have only proliferated after the innovation of agriculture during your Neolithic revolution about 11,000 years ago.
The earliest documents of slavery can become traced to the Signal of Hammurabi (ca. 1760 BC), for case in point Hammurabi's Code of Laws stated that death has been prescribed for anyone exactly who helped a slave to flee. as well as for anybody who sheltered a fugitive. This Bible refers to slavery as an established institution.
Tuesday, April 26, 2011
Slave Songs
Songs of Freedom
The seemingly innocent spirituals, as the slave songs came to be known, were more than simple hymns of endurance and a belief in a better afterlife. ...
The Ballad of the Underground ... - Follow the Drinking Gourd - Wade In the Water
Coded Slave Songs
“Wade in the Water”, one of the most common slave songs and still a gospel standard, provided literal escape instructions' ...
www.localdial.com/users/jsyedu133/Soulreview/.../coded.htm
Song Official Site of Negro Spirituals, antique Gospel Music
They were called “spiritual songs” and the term “sperichil” (spiritual) appeared for the first time in the book “Slave Songs of The United States”
www.negrospirituals.com/
Songs of Freedom
Jump to Spirituals and Anti-Slavery Songs: The more explicit anti-slavery verses in some of these songs, though, may be additions from the Civil War ...
www.mcgath.com/freesongs.html
Slave Work Songs : The Colonial Williamsburg Official History Site
Slave work gangs used these kinds of call-and-response work songs to regulate the pace of their work. These songs also became an opportunity ...
www.history.org/history/teaching/.../worksongs.cfm
Work song
African American work songs originally developed in the era of slavery, ... The first collection of African American 'slave songs' was published in 1867 by ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_song
Amazon.com: Stellar Funk: Best of: Slave: Music
This is an excellent best of Slave as well as featuring some of Steve Arrington's solo songs. If you are a Slave fan, you will appreciate this purchase. ...
www.amazon.com › Music › Dance & Electronic › Disco
Slavery and the Making of America . The Slave Experience ...
Today, slave music is usually grouped in three major categories: Religious, Work, and "Recreational" songs. Each type adapted elements of African and ...
www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/education/feature.html
Books for slave songs
Slave Songs of the United States - William Francis Allen, Charles Pickard Ware, ... - 1867 - 176 pages
Slave Songs of the Georgia Sea Islands - Lydia Parrish, Art Rosenbaum, Olin Downes, ... - 1992 - 330 pages
books.google.com
The seemingly innocent spirituals, as the slave songs came to be known, were more than simple hymns of endurance and a belief in a better afterlife. ...
The Ballad of the Underground ... - Follow the Drinking Gourd - Wade In the Water
www.osblackhistory.com/songs.php
Coded Slave Songs
“Wade in the Water”, one of the most common slave songs and still a gospel standard, provided literal escape instructions' ...
www.localdial.com/users/jsyedu133/Soulreview/.../coded.htm
Song Official Site of Negro Spirituals, antique Gospel Music
They were called “spiritual songs” and the term “sperichil” (spiritual) appeared for the first time in the book “Slave Songs of The United States”
www.negrospirituals.com/
Songs of Freedom
Jump to Spirituals and Anti-Slavery Songs: The more explicit anti-slavery verses in some of these songs, though, may be additions from the Civil War ...
www.mcgath.com/freesongs.html
Slave Work Songs : The Colonial Williamsburg Official History Site
Slave work gangs used these kinds of call-and-response work songs to regulate the pace of their work. These songs also became an opportunity ...
www.history.org/history/teaching/.../worksongs.cfm
Work song
African American work songs originally developed in the era of slavery, ... The first collection of African American 'slave songs' was published in 1867 by ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_song
Amazon.com: Stellar Funk: Best of: Slave: Music
This is an excellent best of Slave as well as featuring some of Steve Arrington's solo songs. If you are a Slave fan, you will appreciate this purchase. ...
www.amazon.com › Music › Dance & Electronic › Disco
Slavery and the Making of America . The Slave Experience ...
Today, slave music is usually grouped in three major categories: Religious, Work, and "Recreational" songs. Each type adapted elements of African and ...
www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/education/feature.html
Books for slave songs
Slave Songs of the United States - William Francis Allen, Charles Pickard Ware, ... - 1867 - 176 pages
Slave Songs of the Georgia Sea Islands - Lydia Parrish, Art Rosenbaum, Olin Downes, ... - 1992 - 330 pages
books.google.com
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